1. XI. Summary / Conclusion (15:14-16:27)
    1. D. Phoebe Commended (16:1-16:2)

Calvin (7/19/02)

16:1-16:2
No great attention will be paid to the greetings contained in this chapter, however some points will be touched upon. Phoebe, who carried this letter to Rome is first in the list of commendations. Both her honorable position in the Church, and the kindness she had shown to so many Christians in the past were reason to provide to her the same service now. It would be most unbecoming of one Church not to accept and honor those who serve in another Church. Footnote: Servant is minister is deaconess. Whatever the translation, it remains a matter of one who ministers. Whether or not she was a deaconess is not discernable from this passage, but in other places where Paul speaks of notable women in the church, this is not the word he uses. (1Ti 5:10 - She [the widow to be supported] must have a reputation for good works, having raised children and been hospitable to strangers, having washed the feet of saints and assisted those in distress, and being devoted to all good works. Tit 2:3 - Older women must be reverent in behavior, not gossips or wine sops. They ought to teach what is good.) For a time, there was an office of deaconess in the early church, being conferred by the laying on of hands, but this was done away with in the Laodicean Council. Their duties of office included baptizing and catechizing women, visitation ministries, and other lesser offices. This, however, came about after the time of the apostles, so the word cannot be assumed to carry that significance here. It seems quite likely that Phoebe's trip to Rome was a mixture of Church and personal business. If we are called to love all who are in the Church of Christ, should this not be especially true of those who are servants in the Church? Furthermore, it is only natural to provide kindness in time of need to those who have been kind in times of plenty. [This is, in many ways, but an extension of the reasoning behind the Jerusalem offering.] Paul teaches in other places how the poor should be cared for by the Church treasury. (1Ti 5:9 - Widows shall be put on the list only if no younger than sixty, and having been the wife of one man only.) This list concerned those who would minister to the poor, not those being ministered to, thus the concern that the list be made up of those who would not be distracted from godly duty by household concerns. It is because the taking of such an office indicates a whole and undivided servitude to God, a total renunciation of our own rights and purposes, that Paul considers the abandonment of that office to be a violation of faith (1Ti 5:11-12 - For this reason, refuse younger widows for this office, for they will at some time feel sensual desires, and disregard Christ in favor of getting married. In this, they would incur condemnation, because they would have set aside their first pledge.) See how Paul foresaw the dangers of attempts at permanent celibacy. It is from this office that nunnery descends, although corrupt at its start, and more corrupted as it continues.
 
 
 

Matthew Henry (7/19/02-7/20/02)

16:1
Such commendations as we will find here are common between friends, yet Paul's choice of wording sanctifies those commendations he makes. Phoebe is thought to have been the currier for this letter, as well as being a woman of means who traveled to Rome on business. Paul calls upon the Christians in Rome to provide for her needs while in Rome, for she is a stranger there, but no stranger to God. "True religion, rightly received, never made any man uncivil." As to her character, Paul declares her a sister in grace and faith in Christ. The love he expresses for her is as chaste as would be his expressions for his own sister. (Gal 3:28 - There is neither Jew nor Greek, slave nor free, male nor female. You are all one in Christ.) Many of Jesus' own best friends were devout and honorable women, as were many friends of the apostles. Furthermore, she serves as an official in her church. She is, as it were, an official servant. She did not preach, for this was forbidden to women, but she served in matters of charity and hospitality. She may have been among the widows who were assigned to minister to the sick. (1Ti 5:9 - Enlist a widow only if she is more than sixty, and has been married to one man only.) Phoebe may well have hosted a church in her home, as well as taking care of visiting ministers and other strangers. To serve the church is to serve Christ. It may be that the church of Cenchrea was distinct from that in Corinth, or it may have been another name for the same church. Possibly, the Corinthian church had to meet in Cenchrea during times of opposition, and so took on that name. (Ac 18:12 - While Gallio was proconsul in Achaia, the Jews rose up against Paul and dragged him in for judgment. Ac 16:13 - On the Sabbath, the went out of the city to the riverside, supposing they would find a place of prayer there.) This same could be applied to the reformed church in Paris, which was forced to meet in Charenton instead.
16:2
Phoebe is noted as having shown kindness and hospitality to many, making her a fine example for the would be godly woman today. Paul's acknowledgement of the assistance she has given him is the least one could do for favors received, and in this case, it is great indeed, for she is memorialized wherever this letter is read, even to this day. His commendation of her could not but lead to her being well received in any Christian church. He also notes that it would only be fitting for the Church to show such caring love for a fellow Christian. We know not what matters of trade or law might have brought Phoebe to Rome, but as a female Christian stranger, she would be in need of help. We should be so helpful to our fellow Christians, especially those who are strangers to us. In this case, it would simply be the reaping of what one had sown. As she had helped so many, it was only reasonable that she should be helped as well.
 
 

Adam Clarke (7/20/02)

16:1
It seems probable that there were among the Roman congregation those who had been made converts at Paul's hand, and had heard him preach in Greece prior to settling in Rome. The office of deaconess was established in the early church to care for the instructing and baptizing of female converts, as well as matters of visiting the sick and imprisoned. Those who filled the office were chosen from the most experienced women in the church, generally widows who had raised their families. Age requirements varied between churches. This office ended somewhere in the 10th or 11th century in the Roman Catholic church, but continued through the 12th in the Greek Orthodoxy. Cenchrea was on the eastern shore of the isthmus, with Lechaeum being the western port. The only other city of any note in the region was Corinth. With these two ports providing access to both the Ionian and Aegean Seas, commerce was very profitable in the region. The isthmus itself is only about six miles wide, and hosted athletic games. These are doubtless the games Paul takes his examples from.
16:2
Phoebe is celebrated as one who cared for the entertainment and provision of visiting apostles and preachers. (Ro 12:8 - Let him who exhorts, exhort faithfully; let him who gives, give liberally; let him who leads, lead with diligence; let him who shows mercy, be cheerful in his work.)
 
 
 

Barnes' Notes (7/20/02)

16:1
Then, as now, letters of recommendation were common. Here, Paul is introducing the bearer of the letter to the Roman Church. (2Co 3:1 - Are we commending ourselves to you again? Do we need letters of commendation to you? Or from you? Ac 18:27 - When he planned to go to Achaia, they encouraged him, and wrote letters to the disciples there encouraging them to welcome him. When he arrived, they sought that he might be helped by those who believed.) It is beyond doubt that Phoebe either bore or accompanied the bearer of this letter, which also shows that the most probable location of Paul at its writing is Corinth. Both the NT, and early writings of the church make it clear that there was an office of deaconess in the church, covering duties of teaching other women, and general care of portions of the church. Age, experience, and reputation were all considered key requirements for the office. (1Ti 5:3 - Honor widows who are truly widows. 1Ti 5:9-11 - Let them be enrolled if they have known only one husband, and are at least sixty years old. They must also be known for good works, and have raised a household. Showing hospitality to strangers, washing the feet of the saints, helping those in need - in a word, devotion to good works of all sorts - are the signs of such a reputation. As for younger widows, do not enroll them in the work, for they will be distracted by sensual desires and abandon their Christian labors to be remarried. Tit 2:4 - Those in this office should encourage younger women to love their husbands and children.) Other writings show that this practice was well established in the church. This was of particular necessity among the Gentiles, where women were generally secluded from the men in social settings. Thus, female officers were needed to provide for the women of the church what the deacon provided for the whole. Clearly, though, those in this office of deaconess were not permitted to preach to the congregation at large. (1Ti 2:12 - I don't allow women to teach or otherwise hold authority over men, but rather hold that they should be quiet. 1Co 14:34 - Women should be silent in the churches. They are not permitted to speak, but should subject themselves in accord with the Law.) This is the only mention we have of a church situated in Cenchrea, but such a church was doubtless set up by Paul's efforts. Cenchrea, Corinth, and Lechaeum formed a belt across the isthmus at the tip of Greece. Of these, Cenchrea was the principal port. The games held in this region, the "Isthmian" games, were the games Paul refers to in his letters.
16:2
Paul instructs the Romans to accept her role as a servant of the Lord, to know that she is a Christian. (Ro 14:3 - Don't belittle the one who abstains, nor should he who abstains judge those who eat, for God has accepted them both. Php 2:29 - Joyfully receive him in the Lord, and highly honor men like him.) This acceptance and honor is the proper reaction of Christian for Christian. The title Paul uses here, [translated 'helper' in the NASB] is a title by which patrons were generally described. Thus, it indicates one who came to another's defense, managed their concerns. It was especially applied to those who would provide such assistance to foreigners and strangers. It was a most honorable title. Phoebe, having shown such care for visiting Christians, deserved the respect and attention of other Christians.
 
 
 

Wycliffe (7/20/02)

16:1
Paul's recommendation of Phoebe introduces her both as to her place of origin and her Christian status. Her duties as deaconess would have been quite similar to those of the deacon, seeing to both spiritual and material concerns for those in her charge. (Ac 6:1-7 - As more came to discipleship, complaints were also on the increase, for the Grecian Jews felt that their widows were being shortchanged in the daily meals. So the twelve called the congregation together, saying that it would not be right for the apostles to neglect God's word to care for these matters, and therefore it was needful that they choose seven reputable men from among themselves to see to these matters, Spirit-filled men of wisdom and repute. All agreed, and they chose Stephen, Philip, Prochorus, Nicanor, Timon, Paremans, and Nicolas of Antioch. The apostles prayed for these with the laying on of hands. God's word continued to spread, and many more disciples were added to the ranks, even priests coming to faith.)
16:2
Paul tells them that she is worthy of a saint's welcome, having helped so many saints in her own right. Clearly, Paul held no resentment towards the idea of women working in the church. Aside from Phoebe, there are eight other women greeted by him in this letter alone, all but two being commented upon as fellow workers and encouragers of himself.
 
 
 

Jamieson, Fausset & Brown (7/20/02)

16:1
Cenchrea is the eastern port of Corinth. (Ac 18:18 - Paul remained for many more days, but then took leave and put to sea for Syria. With him were Priscilla and Aquila. He had had his hair cut in Cenchrea, as he was keeping a vow.) It is beyond doubt that the office of deaconess existed in the early church. Pliny's letter to the emperor Trajan shows this to have been the case. The relationship between the sexes in these Gentile cultures would have necessitated such an office. Modern attempts to reestablish the office have generally failed, although there are exceptions.
16:2
As a genuine disciple, she should receive a saint's welcome. (Ps 41:1-3 - Blessed is he who thinks of the helpless. In his own day of trouble, the LORD will deliver him. The LORD will protect his life, and he will be called blessed on the earth. Do not give him over to his enemies. The LORD will sustain him in his sickness, and will restore him to health. 2Ti 1:16-18 - May the LORD be merciful to the house of Onesiphorus, who has so often refreshed me, even in my chains. When he was in Rome, in spite of my imprisonment, he sought me out and found me. May the LORD grant him mercy on that day. Furthermore, you know how well he served me in Ephesus.)
 
 
 

New Thoughts (7/21/02)

There are two thoughts I wish to consider at the end of this passage. First, it occurs to me that Paul's reasoning in sending his letter to Rome with Phoebe was not much different than his reasoning in collecting a Gentile offering to send to Jerusalem. In both cases, he seems to be doing his utmost to chisel away at the cultural divisions, he was challenging the accepted order of things.

I noted way back at the beginning of this study that Phoebe presented Rome with an opportunity to practice the unity that this letter preaches. Looking again, I would say it was not so much an opportunity as a necessity. Paul was doing his best to gently force them into doing the right thing by Phoebe. In doing so, they would be facing in their own actions a strong argument against the perceived division between male and female. In Christ there is no male and female, but in the Church, even to this day, the difference remains.

It remains a matter of doctrinal debate in many churches, whether women can serve in the pastorate, whether they can serve in any official way. In all these cases, Paul's comments on women in the congregation being silent and submissive are brought out as proof. Yet these verses seem to stand at odds with both his teaching in other places, and his example. If his intent was to keep women in this lower social place, why are so many of his praised coworkers women? Why is he establishing churches in their homes? Why is he arranging requirements of office for them as well as for men?

It doesn't add up. It seems far more likely that we've missed some undercurrent specific to the church at Corinth which was being addressed in his other comments. Perhaps, much like our church, they were a particularly boisterous congregation. Perhaps, much like us, they needed some reminders of due order on occasion. Perhaps it's a question that will never be resolved in this current age. This being the case, the message of Romans applies: let those who abstain accept those who don't; let those who don't not despise those who do.

Paul's contribution to Jerusalem was much the same kind of effort. It was possible that the Church there would insist on its separation from the Gentiles, even to the point of harm. It was possible that they might prefer to go hungry than to accept the love of their brothers in Christ. Possible, but not likely. Paul's hope was that love would win them over. Love has a way of doing that.

At present, our church remains in the process of occupying our new home, a home shared with a Jewish congregation for whom it is their home of many decades. No, we don't hold joint services. Indeed, there is an insistence on very distinct separations. We are being presented with a possibility not unlike the one I suggested might have been needful in Corinth. We are being presented with a possibility of learning, or relearning, a bit of discipline, a bit of reverence that has been swallowed up in our liberty.

Liberty in worship is a critical thing, but it is also a somewhat dangerous thing. "With liberty comes responsibility," as somebody once said. We lose sight of that responsibility all to easily. In God's presence, we can never allow liberty to slide over the line into presumption. We need that sense of the Holy, that awe of the things that are God's. We need to look at the seriousness with which our cohabitants view the holiness of God's house, and reflect on the fact that we are God's house. The same care and concern they show for His building, His day, His service is the care we should be showing for our ways, our example, our lives.

We are a temple of living stone. Yet, we tend to get so caught up in the grace, in the liberty of the sons of God, that we forget our responsibilities as a temple. We forget that we are emissaries of the Most High God. As His emissaries, we are called to display the ways and habits of His kingdom before mankind. Love has a way of doing that. Love has a way of displaying before the eyes of the lost the 'more excellent' way.

We, as a church, are placed in a position of opportunity. Like the apostles in the days after Pentecost, like Paul with the Gentile contribution, we are placed in a position to minister by our very presence to God's Jewish children. For us, it is not an opportunity to proselytize, nor to bombard them with tracts. It is an opportunity for us to display our God and Savior in our lives and attitudes. If we are praying for them to quickly depart, to find another place to dwell, we are failing our Father miserably. If we are constantly pushing our rights, grasping our rights, forcing conflict, we are failing our Father miserably. Our purpose in this day must be to live God loudly in the presence of these observers, loudly yet respectfully. We can learn as well as we can teach in this situation.

What is exciting is the possibilities. In the beginning, the church was in the temple. This division we know was not known so fully. The coexistence was not comfortable, by any means. There was resistance in the ranks of tradition, but there was coexistence. Today, at least in our case, the church is back in the temple. Hopefully, in time, the division we sense so greatly now will diminish. Our coexistence is not comfortable by any means. There is resistance not only in the ranks of tradition, but in the ranks of liberty, but there is coexistence. Consider what God did then. In the account of Acts, we find that even the priests of the Temple were coming to faith (Ac 6:7). Can it be that God is moving in that direction again? Can it be that the time has come for his children to grow jealous, to desire what Daddy has given over to the Gentiles so long? Can it be the time that the prodigals come home?

Lord, if this is what You are doing, then how can we complain of any momentary trial we are dealing with in the course of this move. I pray, my God, that You would move sovereignly on the hearts of Your Gentile children to seek not the eviction of Your chosen ones, but rather their conversion, their inclusion. I pray, my God, that You would move sovereignly on Your children to seek only to show Your presence in Your house. I pray, also, indeed foremost, that You would bring Your chosen ones home, that as You have moved sovereignly on my own heart, You would move on theirs, that Your children might come back home, that the salvation that was of the Jews would be shown also to be salvation for the Jews.

Lord, this too, I see in the example of Phoebe. It was only fitting that she receive as good as she gave. Is this not true, also, of Your chosen? Unwittingly or not, they gave salvation to the world. Unwittingly or not, will You not now see that they receive of that same Salvation? I know it to be Your will that they return, for You have declared it Yourself? I pray that in some small way, You would allow me a part in that return. May Your glory be known on the earth by the mighty acts of Your arm in drawing Your whole family home again!